France welcomes a new territory under its rule - Born state, retains ties with France
In a significant development, a historic agreement has been reached regarding the institutional future of New Caledonia, a French overseas territory in the South Pacific. Signed on Saturday, one year after severe unrest in the region, the agreement establishes a new and unique political status called the "State of New Caledonia" within the French Republic [1][2][4].
The agreement, brokered by French President Emmanuel Macron, aims to end years of political volatility and unrest, including deadly riots tied to electoral disputes. It also includes an economic reform pact focused on the critical nickel sector, upon which New Caledonia’s economy heavily depends [3][4].
Key details of the agreement include:
- **Dual nationality**: New Caledonians will hold both French and New Caledonian citizenship, formally recognising a separate "Caledonian nationality" alongside French nationality, to be enshrined in the French Constitution [1][2].
- **Institutional structure**: The new status is established through a fundamental law approved by New Caledonia’s Congress (with 56 members), requiring a three-fifths majority. This framework is a unique "sui generis" arrangement, unlike any other French territory [1][2].
- **Transfer of powers**: New Caledonia will gradually receive authority over key affairs, particularly international relations, enabling it to conduct its own diplomacy within the bounds of France’s international commitments and vital interests. However, France retains control over defence, currency, and justice [1].
- **Defence and security**: While defence remains a French prerogative, New Caledonia will be substantially involved in strategic decisions and consultations regarding security matters in the Pacific region. It will also be allowed to establish its own provincial and traditional security forces, in addition to national law enforcement [1].
- **Economic and political impact**: The agreement is expected to bring lasting stability and recognition to the territory, providing a framework for peaceful coexistence within France while acknowledging its distinct identity and aspirations [2][4].
The agreement respects the sovereign will expressed by the population in three independence referendums in 2018, 2020, and 2021. However, the Kanaks, who make up more than 40 percent of the population, feared a reduction in their influence due to the electoral reform [5].
The agreement introduces a "State of New Caledonia" into the French constitution and could be recognized by the international community. It provides for New Caledonian citizenship and allows for expanding the electorate to include many Caledonians [6].
The agreement was signed by representatives of France and New Caledonia's political factions in Bougival, west of Paris. A referendum scheduled for February 2026 will allow New Caledonians to ratify this agreement [3][4].
This deal is considered a "lasting solution" and represents a major step towards political stability and international recognition for New Caledonia.
- The community policy in New Caledonia will undergo substantial changes, as the agreement establishes a new political status that grants Caledonians dual nationality and a unique "sui generis" institutional structure.
- The politics and employment policies of New Caledonia are set to undergo transformation as the agreement allows for the gradual transfer of powers to the territory, enabling it to have more autonomy in governing matters, including the critical nickel sector.
