Bangladesh at 55: Can Protests Spark Real Democratic Reform?
Bangladesh marks its 55th anniversary as an independent nation this year. Since gaining recognition in 1971, the country has faced repeated struggles with authoritarian rule and weak democratic institutions. Recent mass protests have once again highlighted the urgent need for constitutional and institutional reforms to prevent further erosion of freedoms. For much of its history, Bangladesh has experienced cycles of democratic backsliding. Despite periodic elections, successive governments—including those led by the Awami League—have shifted toward electoral autocracy. Under Sheikh Hasina's administration from 2009, executive control over the civil service grew stronger. Politicisation of appointments, forced transfers, and loyalty-based promotions weakened the independence of bureaucrats. Laws like the 2018 Digital Security Act gave the government sweeping powers to suppress dissent, while mass dismissals of officials linked to opposition groups in 2024 further entrenched executive dominance.
The consequences of this centralisation became clear during recent mass movements. Protests in 1990 and 2024 were driven by political repression and economic instability, culminating in Hasina's removal this year. Citizens have long feared retaliation for challenging government actions, even through legal channels like the Supreme Court. The lack of checks and balances has left people vulnerable to political interference in daily life, from career opportunities to personal security.
The Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) now acknowledges the need for constitutional reform. However, delays in implementing changes could prolong instability. Experts argue that targeted reforms—such as depoliticising the civil service and restoring judicial independence—are essential to breaking the cycle of electoral despotism. Without structural changes, Bangladesh risks repeating past patterns of democratic decline. A system with strong checks and balances would allow citizens to express dissent freely and pursue opportunities without political favour. The current moment presents a chance to rebuild institutions that protect rights and prevent the return of authoritarian rule.
